Introductory description

The module introduces and explores the requirements of Human Technology Interaction (HTI) from various stakeholder perspectives. Design features aimed at satisfying and optimising stakeholder requirements of HTI will be discussed. Human factors research offers a method to empirically understand and predict how driver behaviour may change, adjust, or be affected by new technologies.
Key disciplines of human factors, psychology, human-machine interface (HMI) design, business, and ethics will underpin the module, with relevant methods introduced.
Key topics include: Fundamentals of HTI for SCAV, Human Machine Interface (HMI) design and evaluation, the supply chain in the automotive industry, human sensing within a vehicle, occupant well-being, motion sickness, and trust in vehicle technology. In addition to traditional measures, this module also explores future trends in mobility as a service and vehicle personalization/customization.
Key topics are introduced from both theoretical and practical perspectives, supported by case studies to encourage independent critical evaluation of the subject matter.

Module aims

Outline syllabus

This is an indicative module outline only to give an indication of the sort of topics that may be covered. Actual sessions held may differ.

• An introduction to Human-Technology Interaction (HTI). Key concepts from human factors, design, and psychology are described, along with their theoretical underpinnings.
• The application of concepts and principles relevant to HTI from various sectors is introduced.
• HTI design for SCAV is outlined, and practical demonstrations are provided.
• Methods for designing HTI relevant to different stakeholder groups are discussed.
• Consumers, technology, population, and emerging markets, and their effects on the design of tolerant human-machine interfaces are examined.
• Distraction and interaction with HTI are explored through theory and demonstrations.
• The outline and application of wellbeing and human sensing are provided.
• The importance of the concept of trust and its implications on design are emphasized. · The social, ethical, and business implications of SCAV are defined and explored.
• An introduction to stakeholder identification for SCAV is presented. · Definitions and examples of design requirements for different stakeholder groups in SCAV are given. · Validation of methodologies for optimising the design of HTI for SCAV, including theory, demonstrations, and tasks, is discussed. · Methods for measuring key concepts are defined with examples.
• The latest trends in HTI for SCAV are supported by state-of-the-art research, and future trends and directions are identified.

Learning outcomes

By the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Critically assess and demonstrate a thorough understanding of the key principles underpinning human interaction, applying them to compare and critique the design. [AHEP:4, M4, M17]
• Critically evaluate the appropriateness of current technology solutions for different stakeholders.[AHEP:4,M2,M4,M7]
• Comprehensively understand and apply advanced usability testing, to refine the design of human machine interfaces.[AHEP:4,M1,M4]
• Demonstrate the application of concepts like trust, distraction, interaction, wellbeing, and sensing the human in designing of human machine interfaces.[AHEP:4,M3,M5]
• Exhibit a comprehensive understanding of the challenges related to supply chain and mobility as a service.[AHEP:4,M4]

Indicative reading list

Book - Human-Machine Interaction (HMI) Design for Intelligent Vehicles, From Human Factors Theory to Design Practice. 2025, Authors: Yahui Wang , ZhiRong Xue , Jun Li , Siyu Jia , Baoling Yang

Design of Automotive HMI: New Challenges in Enhancing User Experience, Safety, and Security
by Iwona Grobelna 1,*ORCID,David Mailland 2ORCID andMikołaj Horwat 3, https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105572

Amanatidis, T., Langdon, P., & Clarkson, P. J. (2017, July). Toward an “Equal-Footing” Human-Robot Interaction for
Fully Autonomous Vehicles. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 313-319).
Springer, Cham.

Akamatsu, M. (Ed.). (2019). Handbook of Automotive Human Factors. Boca Raton: CRC Press.

Birrell, S. A., & Fowkes, M. (2014). Glance behaviours when using an in-vehicle smart driving aid: A real-world, on-
road driving study. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 22, 113-125.

Birrell, S. A., Fowkes, M., & Jennings, P. A. (2014). Effect of using an in-vehicle smart driving aid on real-world driver
performance. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 15(4), 1801-1810.

Birrell, S., Young, M., Stanton, N., & Jennings, P. (2017). Using adaptive interfaces to encourage smart driving and
their effect on driver workload. In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation (pp. 31-43). Springer International
Publishing.

Bonnefon, J. F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016). The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles. Science, 352(6293),
1573-1576.

Ekman, F., Johansson, M., & Sochor, J. (2017). Creating Appropriate Trust in Automated Vehicle Systems: A Framework for HMI Design. IEEE Transactions on Human-Machine Systems.

Fagnant, D. J., & Kockelman, K. (2015). Preparing a nation for autonomous vehicles: opportunities, barriers and policy recommendations. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 77, 167-181.

Kroemer-Elbert, K.E., Kroemer, H.B., Kroemer,-Hoffman, A.D. (2018). Ergonomics: How to design for ease and
efficiency. Elsevier Science.

Khastgir, S., Birrell, S., Dhadyalla, G., & Jennings, P. (2015, May). Development of a Drive-in Driver-in-the-Loop Fully Immersive Driving Simulator for Virtual Validation of Automotive Systems. In Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 2015 IEEE 81st (pp. 1-4). IEEE.

Khastgir, S., Birrell, S., Dhadyalla, G., & Jennings, P. (2017). Calibrating trust to increase the use of automated systems in a vehicle. In Advances in Human Aspects of Transportation (pp. 535-546). Springer International Publishing.

Langdon, P., Politis, I., Bradley, M., Skrypchuk, L., Mouzakitis, A., & Clarkson, J. (2017, July). Obtaining design requirements from the public understanding of driverless technology. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 749-759). Springer, Cham.

Maurer, M., Gerdes, J. C., Lenz, B., & Winner, H. (Eds.). (2016). Autonomous driving: technical, legal and social aspects. Springer.

Morgan, P. L., Voinescu, A., Williams, C., Caleb-Solly, P., Alford, C., Shergold, I., ... & Pipe, A. (2017, July). An Emerging Framework to Inform Effective Design of Human-Machine Interfaces for Older Adults Using Connected Autonomous Vehicles. In International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (pp. 325-334). Springer, Cham.

Sharp, H., Rogers, Y., & Preece, J. (2007). Interaction design: beyond human-computer interaction.

Skrypchuk, L., Mouzakitis, A., & Clarkson, P. J. (2017, July). Designing Autonomy in Cars: A Survey and Two Focus Groups on Driving Habits of an Inclusive User Group, and Group Attitudes Towards Autonomous Cars. In Advances in Design for Inclusion: Proceedings of the AHFE 2017 Conference on Design for Inclusion, July 17-21, 2017, Los Angeles, California, USA (Vol. 587, p. 161). Springer.

Smyth, J., Jennings, P., & Birrell, S. (2019). Are You Sitting Comfortably? How Current Self-driving Car Concepts Overlook Motion Sickness, and the Impact It Has on Comfort and Productivity. In N. Stanton (Ed.), Advances in Human Factors of Transportation (pp. 387-339). Washington D.C., USA: Springer.
Wilson, J. R., & Sharples, S. (Eds.). (2015). Evaluation of human work. CRC press.

Waytz, A., Heafner, J., & Epley, N. (2014). The mind in the machine: Anthropomorphism increases trust in an autonomous vehicle. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 52, 113-117.

View reading list on Talis Aspire

Subject specific skills

The student will gain numerous skills related to human factors in SCAV. They will grasp the significance of human factors and how they inform design, possess knowledge of the supply chain in the automotive industry, and understand the business model of mobility as services. They will evaluate the development cycle of HMI and recognize the importance of HMI quality. Additionally, they will comprehend the significance of trust, human sensing, and well-being while using SCAV.

Transferable skills

Teamwork – Work collaboratively within a team to achieve shared objectives, while developing self-motivation, organisational, and time management skills. Strengthen research and analytical capabilities, gain proficiency in project and programme management, and demonstrate the ability to gather and interpret industry-relevant information.