Introductory description

Recent years have seen an active debate on the purpose of a company. Milton Friedman’s 1970 statement that “The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits” ushered in a period of shareholder primacy that guided managers’ decision-making through several decades of global capitalism. But with it came a focus on near term returns versus investment, innovation and the impact a firm has on its wider stakeholders: customers, employees, suppliers, communities and society overall. Business became to be “criticized as a major cause of social, environmental, and economic problems” (Porter, 2011). This led to a rising focus on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and a redefining of the purpose of a company as having “a fundamental commitment to all of our stakeholders” (Business Roundtable, 2019).

Company CSR activities over the last decade expanded the focus from shareholders to stakeholders and expressed a company’s commitment to positive impact. But CSR’s approach of a company setting its own ambitions attracted criticism and has led to the development of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) criteria by which the actions of firms can be measured. The scope of actions and measures has expanded too – sustainability & climate change; equality, diversity & inclusion, ethics….

This has led to an explosion of metrics and indices seeking to rate companies and guide investment from ESG funds that can now present a confusing and uncertain landscape for managers, investors and all stakeholders.

This module places the current focus on ESG into the context of how firm performance has been assessed over time. From shareholders to stakeholders, from CSR to ESG and from profits to purpose and impact. How have these concepts and frameworks evolved, who has shaped them and how has it revised the role of managers.

Module web page

Module aims

Outline syllabus

This is an indicative module outline only to give an indication of the sort of topics that may be covered. Actual sessions held may differ.

The current debate about the purpose of the firm focuses on ESG but the module’s aim is to develop a longer-term view of the role of business in society, how this has changed over time and how it influences the actions of managers.

Lesson 1: Introduction – The Purpose of the Firm, a history. From Shareholders to Stakeholders, Profits to purpose, CSR to ESG… Assignment Briefing. Podcast: “The role of ESG and Purpose”. Case: “Business Roundtable 2019 Statement: A New Paradigm or Business as Usual?”

Lesson 2: Shareholder primacy – why it worked, where it went wrong but why it’s still relevant. Shareholder management to stakeholder management. Case studies “Jack Welch – The man who broke capitalism” and “Airbnb During the Covid Pandemic: Stakeholder Capitalism Faces a Critical Test”

Lesson 3: Today’s ESG Framework – Environmental. Bringing sustainability and the low carbon economy into the boardroom. Case Studies: British Airways and Alibaba

Lesson 4: Today’s ESG Framework – Social. Combining social interests with commercial interests: the relationships a company has and the reputation it fosters with people and institutions in the communities where it operates. Articles: “From there to here: 50 years of thinking on the social responsibility of business” and “The Messy but Essential Pursuit of Purpose.” Case study on Equality, Diversity & Inclusion.

Lesson 5: Today’s ESG Framework – Governance. Corporate governance and also the institutional frameworks within which companies operate. The rise in B Corporations and equivalent structures. Case: “Emmanuel Faber at Danone: Man on a Mission”

Lesson 6: Measures and Indices. Is today’s focus on measuring ESG to guide investment and influence companies working? Articles: “Firms and social responsibility: A review of ESG and CSR research in corporate finance” and “How ESG investing came to a reckoning”

Lesson 7: From Mission to Purpose – changing the strategic framework of a company to combine competence, cause and culture. Article: “What Is the Purpose of Your Purpose?” Case Study: Ørsted – from oil to wind.

Lesson 8: Purpose and people – how a shift to purpose and impact changes the relationship between employees in a company and the HR processes companies use. Case Studies: Unilever’s “Use Purpose to Transform your Workplace” and “Infineum: Creating an Inclusive Working Environment”

Lesson 9: Beyond ESG – Review of the module and discussion of the paths forward for the purpose of the firm. Assignment Q&A

Learning outcomes

By the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Understand and place today’s focus on ESG into the ongoing debate about the purpose of a firm
• Demonstrate developed understanding of the broader scope of goals we expect of managers in the shift from shareholder primacy to stakeholder management
• Critically utilise multiple sources of information with different perspectives to identify future actions
• Deploy logic and reasoning to present the view of a particular stakeholder

Indicative reading list

Agnew H; Klasa A; Mundy S (2022) “How ESG investing came to a reckoning.” Financial Times, published 6th June 2022.
Available at https://www.ft.com/content/5ec1dfcf-eea3-42af-aea2-19d739ef8a55
Borruso, M et al. (2020) “From there to here: 50 years of thinking on the social responsibility of business” published by McKinsey
Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/corporate-purpose/from-there-to-here-50-years-of-thinking-on-the-social-responsibility-of-business
Brown S; Nuttall R (2022) “The role of ESG and Purpose” Podcast published by McKinsey & Co, 4th January 2022
Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-role-of-esg-and-purpose
Chen, L (2022) “How the Digital Circular Economy Can Help Us Get to Carbon Neutrality” Harvard Business Review, published 22nd April 2022
Available at https://hbr.org/sponsored/2022/04/how-the-digital-circular-economy-can-help-us-get-to-carbon-neutrality see also https://www.luohanacademy.com/research/reports/1c0b758ef486753j
Dimson E; Marsh P, Staunton M (2020) “Divergent ESG Ratings” J Portfolio Management, 47 (1) November 2020, pp75-87
Available at https://doi.org/10.3905/jpm.2020.1.175
Esty, BC; Ciechanover, A (2021) “Airbnb During the Covid Pandemic: Stakeholder Capitalism Faces a Critical Test”, Case Study, Harvard Business Publishing, revised version published 1st July 2021.
Details at https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=177605
Gelles, D (2022) “The Man Who Broke Capitalism: How Jack Welch Gutted the Heartland and Crushed the Soul of Corporate America — and How to Undo His Legacy” Simon & Schuster
See FT Review at https://www.ft.com/content/3f1ac0e6-f204-478d-8b64-54a699a12518
See PBS Interview at https://www.pbs.org/wnet/amanpour-and-company/video/jack-welch-broke-capitalism-ushered-in-an-era-of-distrust/
Gillan SL; Koch, A; Starks LT (2021) “Firms and social responsibility: A review of ESG and CSR research in corporate finance” J Corporate Finance, 66, February 2021, pp101889
Available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2021.101889
Gulati, R (2022) “The Messy but Essential Pursuit of Purpose. Win-win solutions are less common than we think.” Harvard Business Review, March-April 2022
Henisz, W; Koller, T; Nuttall, R (2019) “Five ways that ESG creates value” McKinsey Quarterly, published 14th November 2019.
Available at https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/five-ways-that-esg-creates-value
Hill, J (2020) “Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) Investing - A Balanced Analysis of the Theory and Practice of a Sustainable Portfolio” Academic Press
Available through the Warwick Library at https://0-www-sciencedirect-com.pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/book/9780128186923/environmental-social-and-governance-esg-investing
Knowles, J; Hunsaker, BT; Grove, H; James, A (2022) “What is the Purpose of your Purpose?” Harvard Business Review, March-April 2022
Available at https://hbr.org/2022/03/what-is-the-purpose-of-your-purpose
Kramer, MR; Pfitzer MW (2016) “The Ecosystem of Shared Value” Harvard Business Review, October 2016
Available at https://hbr.org/2016/10/the-ecosystem-of-shared-value
Li T-T; Wang K; Sueyoshi T; Wang DD (2021) “ESG: Research Progress and Future Prospects” Sustainability 13(21) October 2021.
Available at https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111663
Lofts G (2018) “Who Cares Wins in the Brave World of ESG” Published by the Financial Times, 18th November 2018
Available at https://www.ft.com/content/64ce9225-0c55-3256-967c-5fae6622c637
Nair, L; Dalton, N; Hull, P; Kerr, W (2022) “Use Purpose to Transform Your Workplace: Unilever’s values-based approach to difficult talent decisions” Harvard Business Review, March-April 2022
Available at https://hbr.org/2022/03/use-purpose-to-transform-your-workplace
Oh, J (2021) “3 paradigm shifts in corporate sustainability marks new era of ESG” World Economic Forum, published 30th September 2021
Available at https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/09/3-paradigm-shifts-in-corporate-sustainability-to-esg/
Porter, ME; Kramer, MR (2011) “Creating Shared Value” Harvard Business Review, Jan-Feb 2011
Available at https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value
Shekshnia, S; Van Der Hayden, L; Williams, E (2022) “Emmanuel Faber at Danone: Man on a Mission” Case study Ref 422-0003-1 Published by INSEAD, revised version dated 23rd February 2022.
Details at https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=181915#
UNEP Finance Initiative (2005) “A legal framework for the integration of environmental, social and governance issues into institutional investment” Report for the Asset Management Working Group of the UNEP Finance Initiative, published October 2005.
Available at https://www.unepfi.org/publications/investment-publications/a-legal-framework-for-the-integration-of-environmental-social-and-governance-issues-into-institutional-investment/
UN Global Compact (2004) “Who Cares Wins: Connecting Financial Markets to a Changing World” Published by the United Nations and Swiss Department of Foreign Affairs
Available at https://www.unglobalcompact.org/docs/issues_doc/Financial_markets/who_cares_who_wins.pdf
Wang, CC; Migdal, A (2022) “Business Roundtable 2019 Statement: A New Paradigm or Business as Usual?” Case Ref 9-122-023, Harvard Business Publishing, revised version published 16th February 2022.
Details available at https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=182164
Wu, PC; Thoo, J; Koh, HT (2021) “Infineum: Creating an Inclusive Working Environment” Case Sudy, Ivey Publishing, revised version published 13th October 2021
Details at https://www.thecasecentre.org/products/view?id=180066
Resources & ESG Rating Agencies:
https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/Topics_Ext_Content/IFC_External_Corporate_Site/Sustainability-At-IFC/Business-Case/
https://www.msci.com/our-solutions/indexes/esg-indexes
https://www.refinitiv.com/en/sustainable-finance/esg-investing
https://www.sustainalytics.com/esg-rating
https://www.ftserussell.com/products/indices/ftse4good
https://www.spglobal.com/esg/
https://www.issgovernance.com/esg/ratings/

Research element

The module draws upon current research and practitioner experience. Research skills are needed in the selection and analysis of the company chosen for the individual assignment

Interdisciplinary

Yes, across management disciplines in WBS

International

Addressed by an internationally diverse set of company case studies, examples and articles

Subject specific skills

Perform stakeholder analysis for a company
Evaluate firm ESG performance through reporting, metrics and indices
Translate complex, social issues into the responsibilities and actions of managers
Link purpose, actions, outcomes and impact.

Transferable skills

Written communication