Introductory description

This module examines the everyday lived experiences of the French people under the Vichy regime and the German Occupation of France in the Second World War. We explore a range of perspectives, from minority groups through to women sex workers and from railway men and women through to children playing games in the school playground.

Module web page

Module aims

Outline syllabus

This is an indicative module outline only to give an indication of the sort of topics that may be covered. Actual sessions held may differ.

Week 1. Introduction to everyday life in Vichy France
Introduction to the key ideas, theories and concepts on the module including broad theories of the ‘everyday’ in historiography in general. Overview of historical and political context of France in this period. Some textual analysis of journal entries (Jean Guéhenno) as a means of accessing the everyday in France in this period

Week 2. Food
An examination of how the French ate during the Occupation of France in World War II. Food was a preoccupation for many French people – so how did they record what they ate, how they ate and what they hoped to eat? How did food feature as a theme in source material, e.g. documentary film, diary entries and radio programmes? Why was food so important?

Week 3. Play
How did the French spend their leisure time during the Occupation? Was there anything to do? Why did the cinema prove such an attractive option? And why were board games vital to daily life? How did children spend their play time? And how did this reflect common practices before the Occupation?

Week 4. Work
Work was in short supply for much of the Occupation. Yet in some areas, especially rural parts of the country, there was a shortage of farm labourers. How did French people spend their working hours? What was the importance of work to the nation? And how did theories of work expressed by the Vichy regime reflect the practice of work during the period in light of Franco-German collaboration? How—if at all—did women work during the Occupation?

Week 5. School
What was the role of education in daily life during the Occupation? Was there much continuity between school life before and during the Occupation? Why was education so important to the Vichy authorities—and did they ever achieve what they wanted to achieve in the French education system?

Week 6. Reading Week

Week 7. Evacuation
The experience of evacuation is well-known and well-documented in the British context. But how did child evacuees experience life during the Occupation in France? Why did France appear so poorly-prepared to evacuate children from the Occupied Zone to the south? How did children experience the move between the familiarity of home and the strange, often rural, setting of their temporary homes?

Week 8. Captivity
With over 1.5 million Prisoners of War, including Colonial Prisoners of War, the experience of captivity was a common one for many French men and their families. How did these men (and some women) document their daily experiences of captivity? How did the experiences of Colonial Prisoners of War differ from their ‘French’ counterparts? What was the impact of these experiences on wider life (especially for families) during the Occupation years?

Week 9. Religion
Religion was a contentious issue during the Occupation. While Protestants and Catholics were permitted to continue to practice their religious beliefs without fear of oppression—and indeed the Vichy authorities committed to increasing funding for Catholic schools—being Jewish was perceived to be alien to French identity. How then did Jewish men, women and children experience the Occupation? What was the difference between being a French-born Jew and a foreign-born Jew? Did all Jewish people know that they were Jewish in the first place? And how did the experiences for Jews in France differ to their Algerian counterparts—and to Muslims across the French Empire? What was the role of Christians in helping others, including Jews? To aid discussion this week and to enable all aspects of the theme to be discussed, students will be asked to prepare some work on specific textual extracts in groups before the lecture and seminar.

Week 10. Disability, sexuality and gender
What was life like for disabled people during the Occupation? How were gay, lesbian and transgender people treated? How did they interact with the ordinances of the Vichy regime? Were women’s experiences of the Occupation radically different from men? And why did women, above all, emerge from the Occupation as the scapegoats of collaboration and of the Vichy years

Learning outcomes

By the end of the module, students should be able to:

• Examine primary and secondary (scholarly) sources to explore the lived experiences of the French people under Occupation
• Distinguish the reasons for variations in lived experiences of French people under Vichy
• Communicate reasons for under-explored aspects of lived experiences of the French under Occupation
• Synthesise the complexities of narratives of the Second World War in France and the francophone world

Indicative reading list

The principal text to accompany this module will be:

Lindsey Dodd and David Lees (Eds.), Everyday life in Vichy France, 1940-1944 (London: Bloomsbury, 2018) Broadly speaking, the introduction and conclusion to this volume and chapters contained therein will provide secondary reading for each week and for the module in general. Specifically, chapters by Camille Mahé (on board games), Sylvère Aït Amour (on railway workers and their daily lives), Lindsey Dodd (on evacuees), Matthieu Devigne (on school children), Sarah Frank (on Prisoners of War) and by David Lees (on sexuality and gender) provide secondary reading for the majority of the lectures and seminars each week. By permission of Bloomsbury Academic and the authors concerned, chapters will be available before publication in time for 2017-18 academic year.

Further reading:

Week 1
Julian Jackson, France, the Dark Years 1940-1944 (Oxford: OUP, 2001)
Ian Ousby, Occupation: The Ordeal of France, 1940-1944 (London: Pimlico, 2001)
Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-1944 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001)
J.G. Shields, The Extreme Right in France: from Pétain to Le Pen (London: Routledge, 2007) especially chapters 1 and 2
Richard Vinen, The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation (London: Penguin, 2007)

Week 2
Chapters in Ousby, Vinen and Jackson above
Eric Alary, Bénédicte Vergez-Chaignon and Gilles Gauvin (Eds.), Les Français au quotidian, 1939-1949 (Paris : Perrin, 2006)
Kay Chadwick, ‘An appetite for argument: radio propaganda and food in Occupied France,’ in French History, Vol. 53, No. 4, 2016
Jean Guéhenno, Journal des années noires (Paris: Gallimard, 2002)

Week 3
Alary et al, above
Camille Mahé chapter in Dodd and Lees (Eds.), Everyday life in Vichy France
The unpublished diary of Madeleine Blaess, available through the University of Sheffield
Olivier Barrot and Raymond Chirat, La Vie culturelle dans la France occupée (Paris : Gallimard, 2009)
Alan Riding, And the Show Went On: Cultural Life in Nazi-Occupied Paris (London: Duckworth Overlook, 2012)

Week 4
Chapter by Aït Amour in Everyday life in Vichy France
Madeline Blaess and Jean Guéhenno’s diaries
Ludovine Broch, Ordinary workers, Vichy and the Holocaust: French railwaymen and the Second World War (Cambridge: CUP, 2016)

Week 5
Chapter by Devigne in Everyday life in Vichy France
M. Devigne, ‘“Les enfants d’abord!” Le repli des écoles loin des dangers de la guerre en France (1939-1944)’, in J.-F. Condette (ed.), Les Écoles dans la guerre: acteurs et institutions éducatives dans les tourmentes guerrières (XVIIe-XXe siècles), 379-98.
Daniel Lee, Pétain’s Jewish Children: French Jewish Youth and the Vichy regime, 1940-1942 (Oxford: OUP, 2014)

Week 7
Chapter by Dodd in Everyday life in Vichy France
Laura Lee Downs, ‘Les évacuations d'enfants en France et en Grande-Bretagne (1939-1940). Enfance en guerre,’ Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales, 2/2011 (66e année), 413-448

Week 8
Chapter by Frank in Everyday life in Vichy France
Lucie Aubrac, Ils partiront dans l’ivresse (Paris : Seuil, 1984)
Armelle Mabon, Prisonniers de guerre “Indigènes” visages oubliés de la France occupée (Paris: Découverte, 2010)

Week 9
Hélène Berr, Journal d’une jeune fille sous l’occupation (Paris : Points, 2009)
Daniel Lee, op cit.
Claude Lévy and Paul Tillard, La Grande rafle du Vel d’hiv (Paris : Texto, 1992)
Michael Marrus and Robert O. Paxton, Vichy France and the Jews (Cambridge: CUP, 1997)
Simone Veil, Une jeunesse au temps de la Shoah (Paris : Points, 2008)

Week 10
Chapter by Lees in Everyday life in Vichy France
Hanna Diamond, 'Women's Aspirations, 1943-47: an Oral Enquiry in Toulouse' in H.R.Kedward and N. Wood (Eds.), The Liberation of France: Image and Event, (Oxford and Washington D.C: Berg., 1995)
Shannon Fogg, The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables and Strangers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009)
Michael Sibalis, ‘Homophobia, Vichy France, and the "Crime of Homosexuality": The Origins
of the Ordinance of 6 August 1942,’ in GLQ, A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Volume 8, Number 3, 2002, pp.301-318
Miranda Pollard, Reign of Virtue, Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1998)
Françoise Virgili, Shorn Women, Gender and Punishment in Liberation France (Oxford: Berg, 2002)

View reading list on Talis Aspire

International

All modules delivered in SMLC are necessarily international. Students engage with themes and ideas from a culture other than that of the UK and employ their linguistic skills in the analysis of primary materials from a non-Anglophone context. Students will also be encouraged to draw on the experiences of visiting exchange students in the classroom and will frequently engage with theoretical and critical frameworks from across the world.

Subject specific skills

This module will develop students’ linguistic skills through engaging with primary materials in the target language. It will build students’ capacity to engage with aspects of French culture through analysis of this primary material and through seminar discussion aimed at deeper critical thinking. In particular, students’ awareness of everyday life in Vichy from 1940-44 will be enhanced through lectures and seminars which engage in scholarship in the field.

Transferable skills

All SMLC culture modules demand critical and analytical engagement with artefacts from target-language cultures. In the course of independent study, class work and assessment students will develop the following skills: written and oral communication, creative and critical thinking, problem solving and analysis, time management and organisation, independent research in both English and their target language(s), intercultural understanding and the ability to mediate between languages and cultures, ICT literacy in both English and the target language(s), personal responsibility and the exercise of initiative.